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Acid–Base Disorders

Acid–base disorders occur when blood pH becomes too high or too low. Metabolic acidosis is an excess of acid in the blood—often related to impaired kidney function—causing pH to fall. Metabolic alkalosis is an excess of base in the blood, causing pH to rise.

Overview and Symptoms

Overview and Symptoms

Symptoms of metabolic acidosis may include:

Rapid, shallow breathing
Confusion, fatigue, headache
Lack of appetite, jaundice
Increased heart rate
Fruity-smelling breath

Symptoms of metabolic alkalosis may include:

Nausea, dizziness
Numbness, hand tremors
Prolonged muscle spasms or twitching
Difficulty breathing, confusion
In severe cases, coma

Diagnosis typically involves blood gas analysis and urine tests to identify the underlying cause.

Treatment

Treatment varies with the cause and severity, and may include:

Intravenous (IV) fluids and electrolyte correction
Medications targeting the underlying cause
Dietary/electrolyte supplementation