Affective Disorders

Major Depressive Disorder: persistent sadness, loss of interest or pleasure, changes in appetite or weight, sleep disturbances, fatigue, difficulty concentrating, feelings of guilt or hopelessness.

Bipolar Disorder: alternating episodes of depression and mania/hypomania (elevated or irritable mood, increased energy, reduced need for sleep, rapid speech, impulsive or risky behavior).

Diagnosis is made by a qualified mental health professional after a comprehensive psychiatric evaluation. Effective, evidence-based options include:

• Psychotherapy: Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Interpersonal Therapy, family counseling, psychoeducation.
• Medications: antidepressants, mood stabilizers, and atypical antipsychotics as clinically indicated and monitored.
• Lifestyle & supports: sleep hygiene, exercise, stress-reduction strategies, and structured routines.
• Care coordination: regular follow-ups with psychiatrists/psychologists and collaborative care plans.